[APOIO DOCUMENTAL PARA TRABALHOS] L’aide de l’Union européenne : du développement à la sécurité, l’exemple du Fonds européen de développement

L’aide de l’Union européenne : du développement à la sécurité, l’exemple du Fonds européen de développement / Dominique LECOMPTE; Thierry VIRCOULON
Juin 2014; Note de l'IFRI - Programme Afrique subsaharienne

• INTRODUCTION
• LES ORIGINES : L’HERITAGE COLONIAL
• LES ANNEES 1990 : LA POLITISATION DE L’AIDE EUROPEENNE AU DEVELOPPEMENT
• L’AUBE DU XXIE SIECLE : LA « SECURITISATION » DE L’AIDE EUROPEENNE AU DEVELOPPEMENT
• CONCLUSION
• ANNEXES
• Annexe 1 : Principaux instruments financiers de l’action extérieure européenne
• Annexe 2 : Enchaînement des FED successifs
• Annexe 3 : Montants des allocations aux secteurs de concentration liés à la sécurité dans les Programmes Indicatifs Régionaux (PIR) 10e FED

BRICS launch New Development Bank

Leaders of the BRICS emerging market nations launched a $100 billion (€73.5 billion) development bank and a currency reserve pool yesterday (15 July) in their first concrete step toward reshaping the Western-dominated international financial system.

BRICS launch ‘New Development Bank’ | EurActiv

BACKGROUND
The grouping of the emerging economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) have indicated they to create their own version of the World Bank.
The five countries hold foreign-currency reserves of $4.4 trillion (€3.4 trillion), and need an institution to safeguard this amassing wealth. The reserve will also protect members from short-term liquidity volatility and balance-of-payment problems.
One long-running speculation was that the BRICS nations would ultimately want to form their own currency as an alternative to the U.S. dollar and the euro. This could reduce demand for the dollar as a reserve currency, which could lower the dollar's value relative to other currencies.

The European Trust Fund for the Central African Republic

The European Commission, Germany, France and the Netherlands are going to set up the first European Union Trust Fund, the aim of which is to promote the stabilisation and reconstruction of the Central African Republic (CAR). The Fund has been christened Bêkou, which means 'hope' in Sango, the language of the Central African Republic.

The scale of the political and security crisis in the CAR, the difficulties pertaining to infrastructure, the provision of basic services and the functioning of the administration call for international aid that is structured and tailored to situations of fragility and can be organized quickly and efficiently.

The new Financial Regulation authorizes the European Commission to set up and manage European trust funds under an agreement concluded with other donors. These trust funds are designed to mobilize various sources of EU financing and to collect contributions from the Member States and from donors from non-member countries.

EU trust funds have been specifically devised for crisis or post-crisis situations, where experience has shown that the weakness of the national or local administrations combined with a sudden increase in the number of donors leads to disorganization and a fragmentation of the response of the international community, thus hampering an effective and sustainable contribution to the reconstruction of a country. This fragmentation will be avoidable in the future thanks to such trust funds.

The creation of the Bêkou Fund takes into account the lessons learned from past crises and the need to better link the reconstruction/development programmes with the humanitarian response (Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development, LRRD) in order to build the capacity of the Central African Republic.

• What is innovative about this Fund?
• This Trust Fund adds a new string to the European system's bow. It will make it possible to move beyond coordination between Member States and put in place a real joint organisation of both resources and expertise and implementation capacity.
• Faced with a situation as difficult as that of the CAR, an aid orphan country in which all the technical and financial partners were already having very great difficulty in executing projects before the current crisis, this tool will streamline the intervention set-up, focus the human and technical resources deployed in the field and create a real joint dynamic.

• What are the advantages for the CAR government
• The Central African authorities receive support and also work with a pool of coordinated partners which can mobilise significant funds over a period of several years.
• It will also help to streamline donor operations by:
• reducing the administrative costs of coordinating international partners;
• ensuring that aid is not fragmented and disorganised;
• creating a defined framework for reaching compromises in the management of aid programmes;
• reducing the risk of early withdrawal of international financing before the country's economy has had a chance to recover; 
• mobilising a critical mass of financing, which will make up for the limited means mobilised by each donor individually.

• What are the advantages for donors contributing to the Bêkou Fund? 
• The Fund offers donors a flexible and safe method of financing activities in the context of a multipartner partnership. It enables them to give form to and act upon their political commitment to resolving the Central African crisis without incurring prohibitive transaction costs.
• These donors also have the guarantee that the Fund will be managed by the European Commission, which will assume financial liability and act in accordance with the principles and standards applicable to the budget of the European Union.

• How will it be organised? 
• The Fund will be governed at two levels:
• A Trust Fund Board consisting of the Member States of the EU and other donors will lay down the general strategy for the use of the Fund in association with the Central African authorities;
• An Operational Committee will decide on the selection of projects, the implementing rules and the follow-up. The Fund will be managed by the European Commission.
• It has been established for a maximum duration of 60 months in order to provide a medium-term response. The Trust Fund is open to all Member States of the EU that wish to help achieve the Fund's goals, and also to other donors.

• What is the LLRD approach? 
• The aim is to link emergency humanitarian aid actions, financed by appropriate but separate instruments, with simultaneous actions that will gradually promote the drivers of development in the medium and long term. For example, an LRRD approach makes it possible to bring food aid to the refugee camps while also tackling the local agricultural sector by supporting it with seeds and input to prepare the fields and thereby ensuring gradual self-sufficiency.

• What is the regional dimension of the crisis?
• The arrival of tens of thousands of Central African refugees in border areas (Cameroon, Chad, DRC, Congo, etc.) could upset local balances. It is therefore necessary to act beyond the Central African borders:
• to help the host communities manage the influx of refugees (food security, provision of essential services, management of land-related tensions);
• to manage the disruption of the flows of nomadic herders, who are used to crossing the Central African Republic in the dry season and who are now stuck in Chad, and/or the Muslim herders who have had to leave their herds in the Central African Republic and flee the violence.

The European Trust Fund for the Central African Republic
European Commission - MEMO/14/483 14/07/201

Ver também: The EU launches trust fund for CAR

[APOIO DOCUMENTAL PARA TRABALHOS] EU-BRAZIL FACT SHEET

Relações comerciais

A UE continua a ser o maior parceiro comercial do Brasil: constitui não só o principal destino das exportações do Brasil como a principal origem das suas importações. Mais de 20% das exportações do Brasil vão para a UE e mais de 21% das suas importações vêm da UE. O Brasil representa 2,2% do comércio da UE com o resto do mundo e situa¬ se em oitavo lugar entre os parceiros comerciais da UE, imediatamente a seguir ao Japão e acima da Índia.

Os dados do comércio para 2013 indicam um ligeiro crescimento das exportações da UE para o Brasil, de 39,7 mil milhões de EUR em 2012 para 40,1 mil milhões de EUR em 2013. Em especial, a UE registou pela primeira vez em 2012 um excedente global no comércio de mercadorias com o Brasil de 2,3 mil milhões de EUR (em 2011, registava um défice de 3,3 mil milhões de EUR), tendo esse excedente aumentado em 2013 para 7,1 mil milhões de EUR, devido à diminuição das exportações brasileiras para a UE, que passaram de 37,4 mil milhões de EUR em 2012 para 33 mil milhões de EUR em 2013. Desde 2000, a UE tinha sempre registado défices no comércio de mercadorias com o Brasil.

Em termos de composição do comércio, cerca de 90% das exportações da UE27 para o Brasil em 2013 eram constituídas por produtos manufaturados (produtos da indústria automóvel, aeronáutica e química e outras maquinarias), ao passo que os produtos de base como os alimentos e bebidas e as matérias¬ primas (soja, bagaços, minério de ferro, café e petróleo bruto) representavam mais de 70% das importações.

Os fluxos brasileiros de investimento direto estrangeiro (IDE) para a UE27 diminuíram de 13 mil milhões de EUR em 2011 para 2,2 mil milhões de EUR em 2012; por sua vez, os fluxos de IDE da UE28 para o Brasil diminuíram de 30,4 mil milhões de EUR em 2011 para 22,4 mil milhões de EUR em 2012. Não obstante, a UE continua a ser o maior investidor estrangeiro no Brasil, com mais de 45% do stock total de IDE no país em 2012 (247 mil milhões de EUR, mais do dobro dos stocks de IDE da UE na China). A UE ultrapassou os EUA como primeiro investidor no Brasil nos últimos anos, mas a importância da China no Brasil tem sido crescente, confirmando uma tendência geral na América Latina. Da mesma forma, a UE é o primeiro destinatário do IDE brasileiro.

(...)


EU-BRAZIL FACT SHEET
European Commission - MEMO/14/122 20/02/2014

Nova sessão de Trabalho dia 12 de julho

• Trazer todo o material recolhido para o trabalho
• A sessão irá decorrer na sala de informática I.0.2
• Tragam o v/ número de aluno e respetiva password
• Deverão estar presentes todos os elementos do grupo

[APOIO DOCUMENTAL PARA TRABALHOS] África Sector Outlook (versão portuguesa)

África Sector Outlook (versão portuguesa), Junho 2014
BES Research